[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"dest-44995c866eb2":3,"categories-en":33,"detail-extra-856":170,"travel-countries-en":289},{"id":4,"publicId":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"shortDescription":8,"categoryId":9,"importance":10,"lng":11,"lat":12,"coverImageUrl":13,"country":14,"region":15,"ratingAvg":16,"ratingCount":16,"sensitivity":16,"distanceM":-1,"kind":17,"cityGuideId":18,"description":19,"countryCode":20,"adminArea":18,"elevationM":21,"bestMonths":22,"tips":27,"howToGetThere":18,"youtubeIds":28,"timezone":18,"cityGuideSlug":18,"cityGuidePublicId":18,"cityGuideName":18,"poiTheme":18,"poiNeighborhood":18},856,"44995c866eb2","erbil-citadel","Erbil Citadel","An oval mound in Iraqi Kurdistan raised thirty metres by six thousand years of mudbrick houses built on the rubble of the last.",26,3,44.0089,36.1908,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fcover.webp","Iraq","Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region",0,"monument",null,"The Erbil Citadel is an oval mound in the centre of Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq, raised thirty metres above the city by six thousand years of mudbrick houses built on the rubble of the last, one of the oldest continuously inhabited places on Earth, and it is walked in a ring of lanes above a bazaar and a fountain square that wrap its foot. The mound is a tell, the layered debris of every town that stood here since the Chalcolithic, and its ancient name, Arbela, comes from the Akkadian Arba'ilu, the four gods, which the modern Kurdish name Hewlêr descends from by a reshuffling of the same sounds; the battle where Alexander broke the Persian empire in 331 BC is often called the Battle of Arbela, borrowing the city's name, though the fighting was some fifty kilometres away at Gaugamela. What stands on top now is Ottoman: a wall of houses ringing the rim, their backs forming the citadel's face, three quarters and a mosque inside, and the restored courtyard houses of the merchants, rebuilt around quiet stone courtyards with carved wooden ceilings, a textile museum among them.\n\nWhen the citadel was cleared for restoration in 2007, about 840 families were moved out, but a single family was allowed to remain, so that the record of unbroken habitation would not be broken, and the restoration is still under way, with the southern gateway rebuilt as a grand stair. The way to see the mound is from its southern ramparts rather than the gate, leaning over the parapet where the vaulted Qaysari bazaar wraps its foot, an Ottoman market selling spices, gold and textiles under brick vaults, with the fountains of the square beyond and the teahouses where old men play backgammon; from the square the citadel is seen whole, a wall of ochre houses on a hill above the traffic. Erbil is a city that has never left its hill, and the hill is the city's own rubble.","IQ",420,[10,23,24,25,26],4,5,10,11,"timing|**Come in the late afternoon** — the low sun rakes across the brick and the day's heat finally eases, while early mornings are the quietest time to have the lanes to yourself.\nseason|**Spring and autumn are the only easy seasons** — Iraqi summers average 42°C in July and August and push past 45°C on the hottest days and the open brick lanes give almost no shade at midday.\naccess|**Expect a live restoration site** — many lanes and houses are fenced off, so check what's open first; the grounds are free, but the Kurdish Textile Museum charges a small fee worth paying.",[29,30,31,32],"KB9rSQ36EJg","V1O8tkbLk_Q","eheylc0MbnU","96bOt7cuh1c",[34,39,44,49,54,59,64,69,74,79,84,89,93,98,103,108,113,118,123,128,132,136,140,145,150,155,160,165],{"id":35,"slug":36,"name":37,"color":38},15,"river","Rivers & Streams","#14B8A6",{"id":40,"slug":41,"name":42,"color":43},16,"coast","Coasts & Cliffs","#0891B2",{"id":45,"slug":46,"name":47,"color":48},17,"fjord","Fjords","#6366F1",{"id":50,"slug":51,"name":52,"color":53},18,"valley","Valleys","#22C55E",{"id":55,"slug":56,"name":57,"color":58},19,"volcano","Volcanoes & Craters","#EA580C",{"id":60,"slug":61,"name":62,"color":63},20,"wetland","Wetlands & Deltas","#0D9488",{"id":65,"slug":66,"name":67,"color":68},21,"savanna","Savannas & Plains","#EAB308",{"id":70,"slug":71,"name":72,"color":73},22,"rock-formation","Rock Formations","#9A3412",{"id":75,"slug":76,"name":77,"color":78},23,"plateau","Plateaus & Highlands","#84CC16",{"id":80,"slug":81,"name":82,"color":83},24,"ancient-site","Ancient Sites","#B45309",{"id":85,"slug":86,"name":87,"color":88},25,"sacred-site","Sacred Sites","#9333EA",{"id":9,"slug":90,"name":91,"color":92},"fortress","Fortresses","#78350F",{"id":94,"slug":95,"name":96,"color":97},27,"engineering","Engineering Marvels","#475569",{"id":99,"slug":100,"name":101,"color":102},28,"monumental-art","Monumental Art","#C026D3",{"id":104,"slug":105,"name":106,"color":107},29,"village","Villages","#F97316",{"id":109,"slug":110,"name":111,"color":112},30,"historic-town","Historic Towns","#E11D48",{"id":114,"slug":115,"name":116,"color":117},31,"unique-settlement","Unique Settlements","#10B981",{"id":119,"slug":120,"name":121,"color":122},1,"waterfall","Waterfalls","#38BDF8",{"id":124,"slug":125,"name":126,"color":127},2,"lake","Lakes","#3B82F6",{"id":10,"slug":129,"name":130,"color":131},"beach","Beaches & Coves","#0EA5E9",{"id":23,"slug":133,"name":134,"color":135},"mountain","Peaks","#F59E0B",{"id":24,"slug":137,"name":138,"color":139},"forest","Forests","#059669",{"id":141,"slug":142,"name":143,"color":144},6,"canyon","Canyons","#EF4444",{"id":146,"slug":147,"name":148,"color":149},7,"cave","Caves","#8B5CF6",{"id":151,"slug":152,"name":153,"color":154},8,"geothermal","Geothermal & Travertines","#F472B6",{"id":156,"slug":157,"name":158,"color":159},12,"ice","Ice Worlds","#60A5FA",{"id":161,"slug":162,"name":163,"color":164},13,"island","Islands","#06B6D4",{"id":166,"slug":167,"name":168,"color":169},14,"desert","Deserts","#D97706",{"gallery":171,"exps":188,"boxes":203,"seasons":219,"near":245,"peers":288},[172,174,177,180,183,186],{"url":13,"attribution":173},"Foto: جيهان شيركو \u002F CC BY 4.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"url":175,"attribution":176},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fg0.webp","Foto: Sarchia Khursheed \u002F CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"url":178,"attribution":179},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fg1.webp","Foto: Jim Gordon \u002F CC BY 2.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"url":181,"attribution":182},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fg2.webp","Foto: Jehan Sherko \u002F CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"url":184,"attribution":185},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fg3.webp","Foto: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin \u002F CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"url":187,"attribution":185},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fg4.webp",[189,194,199],{"title":190,"description":191,"imageUrl":192,"attribution":193},"Climb to the southern ramparts, not the gateway","Follow the ring of lanes to the mound's southern edge and lean over the parapet where the vaulted Qaysari Bazaar wraps its foot. From here you can read how the whole town rides some thirty metres above the plain on nothing but its own stacked ruins. Time it for the last hour of daylight, when the heat finally eases, the brick deepens toward amber, and the lamps of the modern city come on below you.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fe1.webp","Foto: Adam Jones, Ph.D. \u002F CC BY-SA 3.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"title":195,"description":196,"imageUrl":197,"attribution":198},"Browse the vaulted Qaysari Bazaar","At the citadel's foot, an arched Ottoman-era market sells spices, gold and textiles beneath brick vaults. It has traded continuously for centuries, a living extension of the mound above it.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fe2.webp","Foto: Sarbast.T.Hameed \u002F CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikimedia Commons)",{"title":200,"description":201,"imageUrl":202,"attribution":185},"Wander the restored courtyard houses","Inside the walls, Ottoman-era merchant houses have been rebuilt around quiet stone courtyards. Wooden doors, arched porticoes and carved facades hint at how the neighbourhood looked before it was resettled for restoration.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F856\u002Fe4.webp",[204,209,214],{"boxType":205,"title":206,"body":207,"deepBody":208,"sourceNote":18},"culture","The City of Four Gods","The citadel's ancient name, Arbela, comes from the Akkadian Arba'ilu — \"four gods\" — and the modern Kurdish name Hewlêr descends from it by a reshuffling of the same sounds.","In the Neo-Assyrian period Arbela was one of the empire's great religious centres, home to a famous cult of Ishtar of Arbela, goddess of love and war and patron of the king. No temple has been dug up yet, but ground-penetrating radar has picked up two large stone structures buried under the centre of the mound that may be its remains.",{"boxType":210,"title":211,"body":212,"deepBody":213,"sourceNote":18},"did_you_know","The one family who stayed","When the citadel was cleared for restoration in 2007, about 840 families were moved out — but a single family was allowed to remain, so the record of unbroken habitation would not be broken.","The Kurdistan Regional Government set up a High Commission to revitalise the mound with UNESCO, offering the departing families compensation. The plan is to let roughly fifty families move back once the work is finished, keeping the citadel a lived-in place rather than an empty ruin.",{"boxType":215,"title":216,"body":217,"deepBody":218,"sourceNote":18},"history","The battle that carried its name","The clash where Alexander the Great broke the Persian empire in 331 BC is often called the Battle of Arbela, borrowing this city's ancient name even though the fighting was some fifty kilometres away.","Alexander defeated Darius III at Gaugamela; the beaten Persian king fled toward Arbela, and later writers attached the city's better-known name to the victory. Erbil then passed into Alexander's empire, one more turn in the long chain of rulers whose towns are stacked inside the mound.",[220,226,231,236,240],{"phenomenon":221,"peakMonths":222,"note":223,"requiresDarkSky":224,"sortOrder":225},"chapter_quiet",[119,124,156],"Winter is the quietest stretch: mild days near 12°C, cold nights, and steady cold-season rain, with the shortest daylight of the year. Nothing closes — grounds free, museum open bar Fridays — but you trade long warm evenings for empty lanes.",false,50,{"phenomenon":227,"peakMonths":228,"note":229,"requiresDarkSky":224,"sortOrder":230},"chapter_peak",[10,23,24],"Spring is the mound at its kindest: rains green the surrounding plain before fading. Days climb from a mild 18°C in March to a warm 32°C by late May — comfortable on the shadeless brick, and best at dusk.",51,{"phenomenon":221,"peakMonths":232,"note":234,"requiresDarkSky":224,"sortOrder":235},[141,146,151,233],9,"Through summer the heat is punishing: 38°C in June, near 42°C in July and August, still 36°C into September, and the open brick gives no midday shade. Nothing shuts — grounds free, museum open (not Fridays) — but come at dawn or last light.",52,{"phenomenon":227,"peakMonths":237,"note":238,"requiresDarkSky":224,"sortOrder":239},[25,26],"Autumn brings the comfort back: October eases to a dry 29°C and November to a mild 20°C, the clear rain-free air sharp over the plain. The tawny brick is at its warmest amber in the last hour of daylight.",53,{"phenomenon":241,"peakMonths":242,"note":243,"requiresDarkSky":224,"sortOrder":244},"baseline",[],"The citadel mound — inhabited for at least six thousand years — rises over Erbil year-round, its brick warming to amber at dusk; spring and autumn spare the fierce summer heat.",99,[246,256,267,278],{"id":247,"publicId":248,"slug":249,"name":250,"shortDescription":251,"categoryId":119,"importance":23,"lng":252,"lat":253,"coverImageUrl":254,"country":14,"region":15,"ratingAvg":16,"ratingCount":16,"sensitivity":16,"distanceM":255,"kind":18,"cityGuideId":18},777,"543e79e4e5cb","geli-ali-beg-waterfall","Geli Ali Beg Waterfall","A waterfall in a Zagros gorge in Iraqi Kurdistan, printed on the country's banknotes for decades, reached by a road cut through the canyon.",44.44584,36.63134,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F777\u002Fcover.webp",62655.0218498,{"id":166,"publicId":257,"slug":258,"name":259,"shortDescription":260,"categoryId":124,"importance":24,"lng":261,"lat":262,"coverImageUrl":263,"country":264,"region":265,"ratingAvg":16,"ratingCount":16,"sensitivity":16,"distanceM":266,"kind":18,"cityGuideId":18},"d3e2dc9cba7e","lake-van","Lake Van","Eastern Türkiye's soda lake, the largest on Earth: soapy to the touch, one fish found nowhere else, a tenth-century church on its island.",42.9,38.6483,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F14\u002Fcover.webp","Türkiye","Van",289865.75841554,{"id":268,"publicId":269,"slug":270,"name":271,"shortDescription":272,"categoryId":124,"importance":141,"lng":273,"lat":274,"coverImageUrl":275,"country":264,"region":276,"ratingAvg":16,"ratingCount":16,"sensitivity":16,"distanceM":277,"kind":18,"cityGuideId":18},512,"d9b52a777928","nemrut-crater-lake","Lake Nemrut","A cold crater lake inside Turkey's largest caldera, with a bath-warm second lake beside it, on the volcano whose lava once made Lake Van.",42.23,38.65,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F512\u002Fcover.webp","Bitlis (Tatvan)",315084.89468571,{"id":94,"publicId":279,"slug":280,"name":281,"shortDescription":282,"categoryId":23,"importance":24,"lng":283,"lat":284,"coverImageUrl":285,"country":264,"region":286,"ratingAvg":16,"ratingCount":16,"sensitivity":16,"distanceM":287,"kind":18,"cityGuideId":18},"7f6fc4b368b2","mount-ararat","Mount Ararat","An ice-capped volcano rising three kilometres straight off flat farmland to 5,137 metres, Turkey's highest, and the mountain people have long sought the ark 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