[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"categories-en":3,"dest-720e74f9a362":144,"detail-extra-34":171,"travel-countries-en":253},[4,9,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49,54,59,64,69,74,79,84,89,94,99,104,109,114,119,124,129,134,139],{"id":5,"slug":6,"name":7,"color":8},15,"river","Rivers & Streams","#14B8A6",{"id":10,"slug":11,"name":12,"color":13},16,"coast","Coasts & Cliffs","#0891B2",{"id":15,"slug":16,"name":17,"color":18},17,"fjord","Fjords","#6366F1",{"id":20,"slug":21,"name":22,"color":23},18,"valley","Valleys","#22C55E",{"id":25,"slug":26,"name":27,"color":28},19,"volcano","Volcanoes & Craters","#EA580C",{"id":30,"slug":31,"name":32,"color":33},20,"wetland","Wetlands & Deltas","#0D9488",{"id":35,"slug":36,"name":37,"color":38},21,"savanna","Savannas & Plains","#EAB308",{"id":40,"slug":41,"name":42,"color":43},22,"rock-formation","Rock Formations","#9A3412",{"id":45,"slug":46,"name":47,"color":48},23,"plateau","Plateaus & Highlands","#84CC16",{"id":50,"slug":51,"name":52,"color":53},24,"ancient-site","Ancient Sites","#B45309",{"id":55,"slug":56,"name":57,"color":58},25,"sacred-site","Sacred Sites","#9333EA",{"id":60,"slug":61,"name":62,"color":63},26,"fortress","Fortresses","#78350F",{"id":65,"slug":66,"name":67,"color":68},27,"engineering","Engineering Marvels","#475569",{"id":70,"slug":71,"name":72,"color":73},28,"monumental-art","Monumental Art","#C026D3",{"id":75,"slug":76,"name":77,"color":78},29,"village","Villages","#F97316",{"id":80,"slug":81,"name":82,"color":83},30,"historic-town","Historic Towns","#E11D48",{"id":85,"slug":86,"name":87,"color":88},31,"unique-settlement","Unique Settlements","#10B981",{"id":90,"slug":91,"name":92,"color":93},1,"waterfall","Waterfalls","#38BDF8",{"id":95,"slug":96,"name":97,"color":98},2,"lake","Lakes","#3B82F6",{"id":100,"slug":101,"name":102,"color":103},3,"beach","Beaches & Coves","#0EA5E9",{"id":105,"slug":106,"name":107,"color":108},4,"mountain","Peaks","#F59E0B",{"id":110,"slug":111,"name":112,"color":113},5,"forest","Forests","#059669",{"id":115,"slug":116,"name":117,"color":118},6,"canyon","Canyons","#EF4444",{"id":120,"slug":121,"name":122,"color":123},7,"cave","Caves","#8B5CF6",{"id":125,"slug":126,"name":127,"color":128},8,"geothermal","Geothermal & Travertines","#F472B6",{"id":130,"slug":131,"name":132,"color":133},12,"ice","Ice Worlds","#60A5FA",{"id":135,"slug":136,"name":137,"color":138},13,"island","Islands","#06B6D4",{"id":140,"slug":141,"name":142,"color":143},14,"desert","Deserts","#D97706",{"id":145,"publicId":146,"slug":147,"name":148,"shortDescription":149,"categoryId":120,"importance":100,"lng":150,"lat":151,"coverImageUrl":152,"country":153,"region":154,"ratingAvg":155,"ratingCount":155,"sensitivity":155,"distanceM":-1,"kind":156,"cityGuideId":157,"description":158,"countryCode":159,"adminArea":157,"elevationM":157,"bestMonths":160,"tips":164,"howToGetThere":157,"youtubeIds":165,"timezone":170,"cityGuideSlug":157,"cityGuidePublicId":157,"cityGuideName":157,"poiTheme":157,"poiNeighborhood":157},34,"720e74f9a362","mammoth-cave","Mammoth Cave","The longest cave on Earth: 685 kilometres of mapped limestone passage under Kentucky, still growing every year, with eyeless animals in its underground streams.",-86.1005,37.1869,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fcover-2d52.webp","United States","Kentucky",0,"nature",null,"Mammoth Cave is the longest cave on Earth, more than 685 kilometres of mapped limestone passage under the hills of central Kentucky, in the United States, still growing every year as cavers push further, with eyeless fish and crayfish in its underground rivers. The cave is stacked in levels, dozens of horizontal tiers of passage one above another, each drained in turn by the river below as it cut deeper, so that the tours walk through dry upper corridors while the Green River still works far beneath; the passages are wide, flat-roofed and dry, more like tunnels than grottoes, and the scale is the first thing: halls the size of railway stations with the lamplight lost in them. People have been coming since 1816. The Historic Tour follows the route that has carried visitors for two centuries, past the wooden pipes and leaching vats left in 1812 by the enslaved men who mined saltpetre here for gunpowder, and past the names smoked onto the ceiling by candle.\n\nMuch of what visitors see was first explored by Stephen Bishop, an enslaved man who guided here from the late 1830s, crossed the Bottomless Pit on a ladder, found the river and its blind fish, and came to know the cave better than anyone alive; his map doubled the known cave, and his grave is at the entrance. At Frozen Niagara a curtain of flowstone built drop by drop over thousands of years towers like a waterfall frozen solid, and in the dry upper passages of Cleaveland Avenue delicate white gypsum crystals curl from the walls and ceiling like petals of frost. At one point on every tour the guide turns off every light at once, and the darkness is total, a black that the eyes never adjust to, with only the drip of water. Above ground the park is forest and the river, with more than a hundred kilometres of trails. Mammoth Cave is a country under a state, and nobody has found the end of it.","US",[100,105,110,115,120,125,161,162,163],9,10,11,"access|**Reserve a tour before you arrive** — the park runs very different routes, from the short Frozen Niagara walk to the long Grand Avenue trek, each varying in stairs, tight spots and length.\nsafety|**The cave stays at 12°C (54°F) year-round** — bring a light layer even in a summer heatwave, and wear sturdy shoes for the stairs and narrow squeezes like Fat Man's Misery.\nsky|**Mammoth is a certified Dark Sky Park** — after your cave tour, the stars above the surrounding forest rank among the darkest skies in the eastern United States.\ncrowds|**Summer runs the fullest tour schedule** — the widest choice of routes opens June to August, but spring and autumn are far quieter, and the cave underground looks exactly the same.",[166,167,168,169],"GnDGUpko_RE","eW4dHCpCZ90","5fUYxkeTsWw","aFIwOPB8_z8","America\u002FChicago",{"gallery":172,"exps":188,"boxes":209,"seasons":225,"near":251,"peers":252},[173,176,179,182,185],{"url":174,"attribution":175},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg0-81r9.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered column in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 2\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":177,"attribution":178},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg1-ivjx.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered stalagmites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 3\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":180,"attribution":181},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg2-pem.webp","\"Travertine stalactites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 2\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":183,"attribution":184},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg3-b7uv.webp","\"Gypsum coralloids (cave popcorn; knobstone) (Edwards Avenue, Great Onyx Cave, Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 5\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"url":186,"attribution":187},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fg4-7iks.webp","\"Travertine flowstone-covered columns in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 4\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",[189,194,199,204],{"title":190,"description":191,"imageUrl":192,"attribution":193},"Follow the Historic Tour underground","Trace the route that has carried visitors since 1816, past the wooden pipes and leaching vats left in 1812 by the enslaved men who mined saltpetre here. The way opens into Broadway, a canyon passage where the ceiling climbs beyond your lamp and the level floor runs wide for hundreds of metres. Walking it, you feel what slow water took out of solid limestone.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe1-2fxf.webp","\"Gypsum coralloids (cave popcorn; knobstone) (Edwards Avenue, Great Onyx Cave, Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":195,"description":196,"imageUrl":197,"attribution":198},"Stand before Frozen Niagara","Face the towering curtain of flowstone called Frozen Niagara, built drop by drop over thousands of years into what looks like a waterfall frozen solid. Up close the stone seems to ripple and pour, glowing amber where the lights catch it.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe2-9unm.webp","\"Travertine flowstone in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":200,"description":201,"imageUrl":202,"attribution":203},"Find the gypsum flowers","In the dry upper passages like Cleaveland Avenue, delicate white crystals of gypsum curl from the walls and ceiling like petals of frost. These fragile blooms grow only where almost no moisture reaches, pushed out of the rock grain by grain.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe4-jijz.webp","\"Gypsum crust on limestone wall in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 11\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",{"title":205,"description":206,"imageUrl":207,"attribution":208},"Sit in total darkness","At one point the guide turns off every light at once. Hundreds of metres of rock press overhead, and the darkness is so complete that your eyes never adjust; in the silence, with no wind or sound from the surface, you lose all sense of the space around you.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F34\u002Fe5-h9f.webp","\"Travertine draperies & stalactites in Great Onyx Cave (Flint Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA) 1\" by James St. John · CC BY 2.0 (creativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F2.0)",[210,215,220],{"boxType":211,"title":212,"body":213,"deepBody":214,"sourceNote":157},"geology","A cave built in layers","The cave is stacked in levels, not carved as one big hollow — dozens of horizontal tiers of passage sit one above another, drained over time by the river below.","As the Green River cut its valley deeper, the water table dropped and the cave carved a new near-level floor at each stage, leaving older passages high and dry above. Layer upon layer of these tiers, kept intact by the tough sandstone cap, is what adds up to the longest cave on Earth.",{"boxType":216,"title":217,"body":218,"deepBody":219,"sourceNote":157},"history","The guide who doubled the map","Much of what visitors see was first explored by Stephen Bishop, an enslaved man who guided here from the late 1830s and came to know the cave better than anyone alive.","Within about a year of arriving, the teenage Bishop crossed a deep pit that had stopped everyone before him, found the cave's underground river, and roughly doubled its known extent. He named many features still in use today and later drew a detailed map from memory. He was freed in 1856 under John Croghan's will but died the next year, aged about 37.",{"boxType":221,"title":222,"body":223,"deepBody":224,"sourceNote":157},"wildlife","Life without eyes","In the cave's black underground streams live animals that have never needed sight — eyeless, colourless shrimp and fish that spend their whole lives in the dark.","The Kentucky cave shrimp, the northern cavefish and a blind crayfish have adapted so completely that they have lost their eyes and their pigment, feeling their way through cold, lightless water. Some live nowhere else on Earth, and the shrimp is rare enough to be federally protected.",[226,232,237,242,246],{"phenomenon":227,"peakMonths":228,"note":229,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":231},"chapter_quiet",[90,95,130],"Underground nothing has changed: 12°C, no wind, no sound. Above, the Kentucky woods are bare and the park is at its emptiest, so tours are the easiest all year to get a place on — though the park still asks you to book ahead.",false,50,{"phenomenon":233,"peakMonths":234,"note":235,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":236},"chapter_edge",[100,105,110],"The forest above greens up and the longer routes come back onto the schedule. The cave itself is exactly what it was in January; the seasons make no difference underground.",51,{"phenomenon":238,"peakMonths":239,"note":240,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":241},"chapter_peak",[115,120,125],"The whole cave is open to you: the fullest list of tours runs, from the short Frozen Niagara walk to the six-hour Grand Avenue trek, and tickets go weeks ahead. The steady 12°C below is a relief from the heat above.",52,{"phenomenon":233,"peakMonths":243,"note":244,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":245},[161,162,163],"Kentucky's hardwoods turn along the surface trails and the summer queues thin out. Below ground, the same endless maze of dry stone, the same total darkness when the guide kills the lamps.",53,{"phenomenon":247,"peakMonths":248,"note":249,"requiresDarkSky":230,"sortOrder":250},"baseline",[],"A constant 12°C and total darkness fill Mammoth Cave in every season, so its endless passages look the same in any month. The park above ground is busiest in 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