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Over the middle of the nave, Andrea Pozzo painted a drum with windows and a lantern above it onto flat plaster. The illusion is calculated from a single viewing point, and that point is marked by a stone set into the floor. Stand on the stone and the ceiling lifts. Walk a few metres off and the whole thing buckles: the ribs bend, the drum leans, and you see the flat surface it always was.\n\nPozzo was a Jesuit lay brother who had published the standard textbook on painted perspective, and Leopold I called him to Vienna. From 1703 he rebuilt the inside of a plain hall church of the 1620s, giving it twisted columns and a heavy gilded ceiling. Daylight decides how well the trick works, so a bright hour does more for this church than any lamp. 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Then walk ten paces to one side, keeping your eyes on the ceiling. You will watch the architecture bend and flatten as you move, which is the whole point of the room.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F1121\u002Fe0-0e7b.webp","Andrea Pozzo \u002F Wikimedia Commons",{"title":188,"description":189,"imageUrl":190,"attribution":174},"Read the join between real and painted","Pick the point where a twisted column ends and the painted architecture begins, and try to say exactly where the building stops. Pozzo hid the seam in shadow and continued real mouldings in paint, so the eye slides across it. Finding the join takes patience and is the most satisfying minute here.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F1121\u002Fe1-6216.webp",{"title":192,"description":193,"imageUrl":194,"attribution":171},"Sit at the back and watch other people find it","Take a seat near the door and watch visitors walk up the nave. Almost everyone stops without knowing why, roughly where the geometry works, then tilts their head back. The church was designed to produce that pause, and from the rear pews you see the design working on strangers.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.jouvida.com\u002Fdestinations\u002F1121\u002Fe2-0879.webp",[196,201,206],{"boxType":197,"title":198,"body":199,"deepBody":200,"sourceNote":150},"architecture","The dome is a flat ceiling","Pozzo built the failure in on purpose: walk up the nave and the architecture swells and collapses, the painted circles shearing into ellipses.","A painted dome resolves only from the single station point its geometry was drawn for. Everywhere else the projection distorts, and the ribs stop keeping their even spacing. The stone in the floor is not a viewing aid so much as the point the drawing was made from.",{"boxType":202,"title":203,"body":204,"deepBody":205,"sourceNote":150},"culture","He published the method so others could copy it","Pozzo set out his perspective system in a two-volume treatise with plates, written so a painter elsewhere could repeat the effect.","The books carried his ceilings across Catholic Europe and as far as Beijing, where Jesuit missionaries used them. They are also why his work can be checked: the plates give the construction lines, so the geometry behind a ceiling like this one is not a secret but a published procedure.",{"boxType":207,"title":208,"body":209,"deepBody":210,"sourceNote":150},"history","Not every brushstroke is Pozzo's","The ceiling paintings were gone over in 1827 by the painter Johann Peter Krafft and worked on again in 1899.","Both campaigns followed Pozzo's design rather than replacing it, so the illusion still works from the marked stone. 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